K.+Rhiannon


 * __ JUDAISM __**

**Semetic- ** belief in one God, Western religious tradition **Jewish- ** having characteristics of the Jews of Judaism **Judaism- ** a monotheistic religion of the Jews that begun around 4000 years ago in the northern desert of Arabia. It originated from Abraham (the father of Judaism) **Covenant- ** agreement between God and His people **Decalogue- ** ten commandments **Mitzvot- ** 613 laws **Patriarch- ** regarded as the father **Torah- ** Jewish book, containing the first 5 books of the Old Testament which is the entire body of Jewish law, literature and teaching. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Israel- ** Jewish republic in south-western Asia at eastern end of the Mediterranean <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Exodus- ** a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment. Especially in the second part of the Old Testament which tells of the departure of the Jews from Egypt. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Revelation- **the divine or supernatural disclosure to humans of something relating to human existence of the world. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Conservative- ** a group of people who are reluctant to accept new changes and new ideas. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Orthodox- ** adhering to what is commonly accepted. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Progressive- ** favoring or promoting progress and adjusting to social changes and environments. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Tanach- ** the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Nevi’im **- the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ketuvim- ** the third and final section of the Tanach <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Talmud- ** Is a sacred book of the Jewish faith <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Halachah- ** the body of Jewish law <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Tikkun Olam- ** repair the world in partnership with God, this is the phrase most commonly used when speaking about the Jewish obligation to care for the environment. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Observance- the act of observing; taking a patient look **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Hebrew- ** a member of the Semitic people inhabiting ancient Palestine and claiming descent from Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__SST__ **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Israelite- ** a descendant of Jacob, Inhabiting Israel, considered by its members or by other groups as God's chosen people
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Jew- ** a person whose religion is Judaism; a.k.a Israelite
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Deutero-Isaiah- ** The book of Isaiah, which was traditionally attribute to the Prophet Isaiah
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Righteousness- ** adhering to moral principles

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">10/06/2010

__** CHRISITIANITY **__

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">From viewing this website and reading the information we can gather that the Jewish political setting in the time of Jesus consists of: <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jewish populations being subject to foreign rule other than their own. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- Their leaders are the Romans, who captured them and destroyed their land. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- Although the Jews had to live under the Romans authority, they still continued to keep alive their faith and culture, carrying out their traditions in their lives to help preserve what they had left of their faith. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- It has been noted that the Jews hated their Roman leaders due to the fact it minimized their individuality and freedom as well as not giving them the opportunity to make their won decisions in their lives; and having to live under the Roman rule where they made all the choices for them. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jews tried not to associate with the Gentiles, only with people who believed in the same thing as they did. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Romans however did allow for the Jews to have some for of religious and political freedom; however this was under strict control of the Romans. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Romans were accepting of the Jewish culture, as they believed every religion was ultimately linked to their very own religion. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jews withheld a long hatred against the Romans, as when related back to their history they identified that it was the Romans who ordered the baby boys to be killed, and they didn’t like nor did they forgive back in those days, their past actions. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jews were divided into two governing sections; the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The Pharisees taught the traditional law and behaviors of the Israeli’s and the Sadducees were the ones who confronted the Romans in favor of religious and political cooperation.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">What does this tell us about the political setting in the time of Jesus? **

<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The early emergence of Christianity had been derived from the Jewish religion of Judaism, and had similar aspects of this religion in its teachings. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jews were living in Palestine which was considered to be their homeland and ‘promised land’ as given to them by their God, according to the covenant that they had assumed between God and the father of the Jewish religion Abraham. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The majority of Palestine had been populated with Jewish people, who had continued to carry out their faith in their daily lives. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- It had been considered that the Great Temple was known to be the main place of worship for existing Jews. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The men who lived in Palestine were hardworking; they were mainly craftsman who carved things out of wood, which they used in their lives. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The women were stereotypically drawn to the kitchen and housing area, where they cleaned, cooked, looked after children, and gave to their families and husbands. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- Within this society, it had been very diverse and multicultural where people of all different religions and faiths joined together, and lived side by side. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- The Jews were under Roman rules and had to abide by their laws, and even pay their harsh and outstanding taxes. <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">- It had been seen and represented in the Christian bible, that Jesus himself had lived a Jewish life, and had grown up by the Jewish ways and culture, however towards the end of his life, was betrayed and killed by in fact the Jews he had lived amongst.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Profile life in Palestine in the 1st Century **

26/07/10
 * Anglican Church Table**

02/08/2010 Orthodox Christians encourage personal prayer to help one become more self centered, and have the ability to find their spiritual self within their lives. Individual prayer is often balanced with participation in liturgical services and with the Church. Some forms of personal prayer in the orthodox church include praying to ones self, and connecting with their God personally, giving thanks, confessing to sins, and asking God for help. The use of small and sacred icons, allows them to obtain that connection with their God, and develop their own sense of self.
 * Orthodox Personal Prayer**

Protestant Personal Prayer, teaches their believers to have their own link with their physical form, to the world, and their spiritual self with their God. Within their lives they prayer constantly to themselves in desperation for an inextricable connection purely with their divine leader. Their prayers are designed to symbolize their reflection of their faith, and to gain a better understanding of their history and reasoning behind their faith.
 * Protestant Personal Prayer**

Catholic Personal Prayer involves individuals joining together as a community to pray, and show respects to their God so that they can show their strength in their faith and how firmly they believe in it. They join in prayer to call upon their Lord to ask for forgiveness, acceptance and thanks. This allows them to have a way that enables them to express their faith. There are many ways in which a Christian can express their faith, this includes, taking part in prayer in the Church, in such liturgies like The Eucharist, Baptism. These rituals and traditions that are celebrated within this religion,allow the person of the faith to remember Jesus' life.
 * Catholic Communities Personal Prayer**


 * 02/08/2010**


 * __ ISLAM __**

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**SST FOR ISLAM** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Sunni-** one of the two branches of Islam, commonly described as Orthodox, with an understanding of the Sunna. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Jihad-** a holy war undertaken by Muslims against believers. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Hadith**- a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that accounts with his daily practice. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Sunna**-a traditional Muslim law based on Muhammad's words or actions. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Sura**- a chapter or section of the Qur'an. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Sharia**- Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the traditions of the prophet himself. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Halal**- denoting or relating to meat prepared as prescribe by Muslim law. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Fatwa**-a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognised authority. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Qur'an**- the Islamic sacred book, that is believed to be the word of God dictated by Muhammad. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Shahada**- the Muslim profession of faith. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Salat**- the ritual prayer of the Muslims. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Zakat**- obligatory payment made annually under Islamic law. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Sawm**- the third pillar of the Islamic faith, in relation to fasting and sacrifice. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Hajj**-the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Karbala-** a holy city for the Muslims.

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**When and where did Islam develop ?** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Islam is said to have been founded around 600 CE by Muhammad, in the Arabian Peninsula. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Outline what you know about the Prophet Muhammad's life.** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Prophet Muhammad born in 570 CE, and died in June 8th, 632. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He is greatly known as being the leader and creator of the Islamic religion, as well as being considered as a person of divine action. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He was born in the Arabian city of Mecca, and spent the majority of his life being brought up by his uncle, who was then taught to be a shepherd as a job. He first married at the age of 25. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">His first revelation occurred at his middle age of 40, where he received a message from God, intending that he is the one, and he should help to continue the faith. Three years later, Muhammad started teaching, preaching and spreading the values and beliefs of his faith, which eventually lead to him being known as the prophet and creator of the Islamic religion. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muhammad's name appears in the Qur'an a few times, referring to him as the prophet, messenger, and servant to God. He is specifically mentioned due to his remarkable efforts in keeping alive this faith, and responding in a positive manner to the special appearances given to him by his God, that prompted him to comply with his faith,and preach the word about his God to his followers. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**What are the principal beliefs of Islam?** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The principal beliefs of the Islamic religion include, the belief in the; <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Seven Articles of faith:** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Allah: is the true and only God. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Tawhid:** the belief in the oneness of God and witnesses the dismissal of all other deities. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Angels:** the existence of spiritual beings that carry Allah's will around the world. Angels are instruments of God's will. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Books of Allah:** the revelation of God's intentions. Revelations are found in this book. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Rusul:** the messengers or prophets of God. There are 28 prophets of Muhammad. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Akhira:** the idea of life after death, resurrection and final judgement. Divine judgement will result in either eternal reward or punishment. Life after Death. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Fate/Predesintation:** the free will to chose between good and evil, preferably good. The supremacy of God's will. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**How many Muslims are there in the world and which country has the largest Muslim population?** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The approximate amount of Muslims that are alive in the world today sum up to about, 1.57 billion living all across the world today. Saudia Arabia, is the country where the majority of the Islamic faith can be found.

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**FROM THE ISLAMIC VIDEO NOTES:**

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**06/08/2010**

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Muhammad**: a prophet that people hold dear to their heart, and follow in his name. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">BORN: around 570 AD, in the Arabian area called Mecca <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Was accustomed to the life of living in the desert from a young age, as taught to him by his parents. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">By the time he was 6, both of his parents had died, and this turned his to become an orphan and left in the hands of his uncle, who was the chief of his clan. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He had many fathers and many mothers, which in a sense made him a child of everyone. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pre-Islamic- oral culture. Praising to the God through song, prayer and speech of the story of the tribe. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Poets, linked the tribe to the ancestors, they played an important part in the tribes and some were the leaders of the tribe. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">His uncle taught him alot about life, how to survive, and how to come of great assistance amongst some of the strongest battles fought. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Each clan had its own totems and songs. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ka'ba was one of the sanctuaries held to be of great significance to the Muslim people. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In some areas they would find great things, silks and other materialistic objects, but the greatest thing that you could find was culture. IN MECCA <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The religions. culture was split and no religion was greater than any other. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muhammad become a merchant, and had a flair for trade. He met girl, and she proposed marriage. SHe was both a great mentor and wife to him. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muhammad became known as "Al Amin", the trusted one. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">An angel was said to appear before him in the form of a man. Muhammad listened to what this angel said, as it was considered to be the first revelation to him by his God, and holy father. Muhammad from here became a prophetic figure. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He had yet a simple and radical message to pass on, that there is simply one God, the only God. Introduction of monotheism. Thinking about one not many deities. No more separated and divided tribes. Delivered this to his people and his followers, and to some this came as a new way of life, everyone was equal, that united all, and created such a universal approach to their ways of life. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Symbolic depth of the Pre-Islamic poems, that describe such beauty and faith in verbal ways. Praising their God. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muhammad was not considered a poet, as he wasn't the voice of the faith but he was the voice of God. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Qur'an was revealed at first, but then people understood hat this should be recorded so that messages were maintained and the message was kept alive and known. It was revealed and remains in Arabic. It is a natural source, that contains intimacy and knowledge about deep and meaningful spiritual associations. Has great imagery involved, so that people can imagine themselves in that position and so as their prophet and God would have done as well. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The mystery of God still remained, as no one could project his image, but merely create a personal icon in their heads. The beauty of God and representation of god remained in the Qur'an, and there are no pictures of Muhammad as he is not considered to be divine, but still faceless. You are not supposed to pray to his image, but learn history from it. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Qur'an was said to be the miracle as given to them by Muhammad. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**OPPOSITION IN ACCORDANCE TO MUHAMMAD** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The skeptics didn't believe this, and thought it not enough to keep the faith alive. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Life after Death: shocked the believers <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Damnation: the non believers going towards the fire, and into something unsettling and unfaithful. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muhammad and his message must be removed permanently from society, and the oppositions did everything that they could to help remove him; even plots against him. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Believers were tortured and killed. His wife and uncle killed, his love and protector killed, and there it was thought that it would leave him vulnerable in order to finally kill him and remove him from the aspects of society's life. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**HE WAS A PEACE MAKER**, offering refuge for his people. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They began a new community, and therefore a new tribe <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They wanted to bargain so that there was a safe refuge for their followers. To bring unity and peace with his message, and within the city that he proclaimed this message the Muslims created their own town. Muslim community grew in Medina; made a call to prayer and were given their first Mosque. Had symbols of unity, and it was said that whilst Muhammad was in Medina, it was said he was told to tell people to face the Karbala. Battle, some against their own culture... eventually the city fell to Muhammad. His army was now heading home, and this time even stronger, and it had grown to about 10,000. The Pagan people had come to destroy their Gods, so they destroyed the icons displayed in the village. By breaking the idols, he was breaking apart the tribal system, to which each tribe/ clan had their own deity.

**RANDOM FACTS** Abraham is the Father of all monotheistic religions. Adam was the first Prophet Creation Story is the same as the Jews and the Christians Belief of the garden of Eden- this is paradise to which we return when we die if we are worthy They were merciful warriors Allowed self-government and treated people even captives with dignity Helped develop the towns and cities they took over They allowed the religious customs of the people to be still practiced as normal Water was a very important resource and the Muslim used many methods to bring water to the regions under their control

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**SEVEN ARTICLES OF FAITH** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Allah: is the true and only God. This highlights the belief and structure of a monotheistic religion in which the Islamic religion is based upon. Having one God who is considered to be the only God and only person to thank for the creation of what they have made. Evokes the idea of a monotheistic religion. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Tawhid:** the belief in the oneness of God and witnesses the dismissal of all other deities. This is the central doctrine of the Islamic faith, that forbids the association with other deities, and acts as a uniting force for this religion. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Angels:** the existence of spiritual beings that carry Allah's will around the world. Angels are instruments of God's will. God's way of communicating to the people on earth that this is his way of talking to us. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**-Books of Allah:** the revelation of God's intentions. Revelations are found in this book. Holy Book of this faith, that was given to them after the revelation to Muhammad. Tells us what God wants. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Rusul:** the messengers or prophets of God. There are 28 prophets of Muhammad. They are considered to be people sent by Allah himself to help on earth. Spreads the messages of God. Interprets God's will. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Akhira:** the idea of life after death, resurrection and final judgement. Divine judgement will result in either eternal reward or punishment. Life after Death. Relates to Allah, he tells us what to do and we must live by his will in our lives, and then Allah judges you when you die, based upon his faith in his religion and his life in accordance to Allah's will. <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**- Fate/Predesintation:** the free will to chose between good and evil, preferably good. The supremacy of God's will. Knowing what will happen and occur within your future and having the ability to know that things will happen as an act of fate, and one must allow things to happen and fall into place, without false pretenses and purposeful actions. Allah has already planned out what he wants done, and it is up to the adherents to follow this will, and therefore they have been predestined and Allah has already told of what does and doesn't happen to the individual.

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The majority of the articles focus around their God, Allah, as they see him as being the greatest thing within their lives, and the most holy of them all. They value their relationship and connection with Allah, and because of this the articles provide us with meaning, as they see him as being the person who gave them all, and therefore untimely worship is presented to Allah by his followers. They receive their messages from two sources, the Qur'an and Muhammad. However they do not worship Muhammad, as they dont see him as being divine, as they only believe in God and his word. No other deity or God is to be worshiped. All is evident in the very first article of **//Allah//** where he is seen to be ultimate, through the prophets, angels, and Qur'an; relayed onto the followers and their belief system. <span style="font: 12px/19px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">These articles are all focused around God, and they demonstrate the significance of God in their lives, and highlight how important Allah is to them. People will abide by these articles and be true to their faith, and respect their beliefs about what they think their God would want.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Variants of the Islamic Culture** <span style="font: 12px/19px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sunni and Shi'ite

//Caliph// is the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, and is regarded as the successor of Muhammad. He may also be considered to be a civil rights leader of the Muslim state, who is known to be a representative of Allah on earth. He holds a status as being of high political authority. Caliphs was the first Islamic government of the Muslim world, and that is where the term Caliph comes from as he is said to be the leader of this government. They were considered to be the supreme spiritual and political leader of the Muslim Empire. There are four rightly guided //caliphs ,// these being the Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali. **Abu Bakr** was known to unify the tribes of Muslim together. > General, for expansion of the Islamic faith, military wise, taking over other countries for growth. **Umar** was responsible for the establishment of the process of consultation and the distinguishing people of Islamic faith.> continued that frame, but focused more ont he writing side, and keeping that idea of faith, written so that it could pass through time. **Uthman** was concerned with the possibility of loosing revelations due to deaths and having to memorize what they mean; it distributes the land and wealth.> Looked at the revelation, and what the prophet told us to do and how they should interpret this into their everyday lives. **Ali** is the fourth caliphs and is in charge of the leadership. > they wanted to follow in his footsteps was he was related to Muhammad himself.

**Explain how differing understandings of the rightful successors to Muhammad led to the development of varying schools of thought within Islam.** The differing understandings of the rightful successors led to the development of varyings schools of thought within Islam as they helped to differentiate and distinguish the difference between interpretations and thoughts about what the faith meant. The two schools orl divisions that the faith was made into was called, Sunni and Shi'ite. This split was caused due to the...

<span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**PILLARS OF THE FAITH**

**//1st Pillar- Shahada.//** **//2nd Pillar- Salat//** **//3rd Pillar- Zakat//** **//4th Pillar- Sawn//** **//5th Pillar- Hajj//**

**3rd Pillar- Zakat** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** • Islam places great importance on charity. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** • This was first demonstrated when the Prophet prescribed a minimum charity tax ( **Zakat**). The tax is of 2.5% on their money and possessions of those who have enough to meet their basic needs. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** • In contemporary times, Zakat is difficult to impose on Muslims although the principle is strongly upheld. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** • There is emphasis placed on personal/private charity ( **sadaqa** ) that is established by the individuals want and desire to help the poor. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** • All good that is done, especially the things that don't get recognised are said to be ultimately rewarded by Allah. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">** •This pillar influences the adherents to participate wholly on their own accords to fulfil the spiritual element regarded as the Third Pillar. The ultimate reward from Allah, encourages and drives the believers to be better people, which essentially gives them purpose and answers the large questions of being. ** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**5th Pillar- Pilgrimage to Mecca** <span style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The fifth pillar requires that Muslims who have the physical and financial ability should perform the pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. The ritual of pilgrimage was practiced by Arabs before the rise of Islam and continues from the early days of Islam. It must take place during the 12th lunar month of the year, known as Dhu al-Hijja, and it involves a set and detailed sequence of rituals that are practiced over the span of several days. All of the pilgrimage rituals take place in the city of Mecca and its surroundings, and the primary focus of these rituals is a cubical structure called the Kaaba. Set into one corner of the Kaaba is the sacred Black Stone, which according to one Islamic tradition was given to Ibrahim by the angel Gabriel. According to another Islamic tradition this stone was first set in place by Adam.Once pilgrims arrive in Mecca, ritual purification is performed. Many men shave their heads, and most men and women put on seamless white sheets. This simple and common dress symbolizes the equality of all Muslims before God, a status further reinforced by the prohibition of jewelry, perfumes, sexual intercourse, and hunting. After this ritual purification, Muslims circle the Kaaba seven times, run between al-Safa and al-Marwa, two hills overlooking the Kaaba, seven times, and perform several prayers and invocations. This ritual is a reenactment of the search by Hagar for water to give her son Ismail. The final ritual is the slaughter of an animal (sheep, goat, cow, or camel). This is a symbolic reenactment of God's command to Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismail, which Ibrahim and Ismail duly accepted and were about to execute when God allowed Ibrahim to slaughter a ram in place of his son.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Helvetica; margin: 0px;">**The Qur'an** <span style="font: 12px/19px Helvetica; margin: 0px;">The Qur'an is the main sacred text within the the Islamic faith. It is considered to be made up of historical recordings of their God, Allah's words and actions demonstrated and spoken to the well known prophet Muhammad throughout his life. This scared scripture of the Islamic faith, is said to be the only miracle, as in it it gives them rules, laws, accounts and prayers that enable the people of this faith to abide by and follow within their daily routines. The primary message of the Qur'an is the affirmation that it provides its believers with, as it gives them something to look onto to in hope for a guide and path, as once lived by their prophets. Inside the Qur'an lies 114 chapters, also known as Suras. The underlying belief of this sacred text is that it is the original interpretation of Allah.

**06/09/2010** **The Objectives of Law and Ethics** Rule of law: no one is above the law, and the law is above all everyone must respect the law, and it must be honored. Right of minorities: in order to be true to their god, they must be true to their brothers gods, in the Christian and Jewish faith. Qur'an is the place where they get the laws from. Islam is the religion of the book.

__**MUST SUBMIT COMPLETELY TO ALLAH**__

If they live a good life, they are on the path to Allah.

**//SOURCES://** The starting point, and whether the people get their information from to live their lives. In order to be ethical in Islam, they must know and learn these sources, and live their lives around the information provided to them by these sources.

**//BEHAVIOURS://** 5 areas; Recommended **(Mustaha)** :ways that a person should live their lives. Obligatory **(Fard)** : you must do them Individual **(Mubaha)** : you need to personally decided and account for your behaviours. Advised Against **(Makruh)** : they give you advice about what you should and shouldn't do, but then its up to you as the individual to decide what you wish to do. Unlawful **(Haraam)** : forbidden, against the law, must not be done, under any circumstances.

**//FIVE PILLARS://** 1. Shahada: is where they believe in the acknowledgement if worship of one God. 2. Salat: prayer: which includes daily prayer in the Islamic persons life. 3. Zakat: almsgiving- people give to the needy and less fortunate, not to be greedy and compulsive. 4.Sawm: self purification through sacrifice and giving up things in your life. 5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca where people express their faith and show their devotion to their God.

**//SEVEN ARTICLES://** 1. Allah is god 2.Angels instruct Allah's will. 3. Revelation the book of Allah 4. Prophets (Rusul) 5. last Judgement, life after death 7. Fate and predestination

**//HALAL AND HARAM://** Halal: the preparation of the meat as prescribed by Muslim law. Haram: forbidden by Islamic law.

**//JURISPRUDENCE://** is the process that combines all elements it is the theory or philosophy of law. Aquidah: the belief of the people based on what they have learnt. Ibadah: the practice, and what they do to show their faith. Ahlaq: The ethics of the people Mumalah: how they treat others.

**PROCESS OF JURISPRUDENCE** **//Sources of Information://** Hadith ( a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad with accounts of daily prayer) Qur'an ( the islamic sacred book) Sunna (a portion of Muslim law based on Muhammad's words and actions)

**//The final decision//**

**//Process://** Qiyas: //is the analogical comparison of the teachings of the Hadith and the Qur'an are compared to determine outcome.// REASONING Ijma : //refers to the consensus of the ummah (the whole Muslim community)// CONSENSUS Figh: //is the expansion of the islamic law// Fatwa: //a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognised authority//

**//GOD CHOSE MAN KIND SO THEREFORE WE ARE OBLIGED TO FOLLOW HIM//**

**SHARI'AH:** Islamic way, the path **Shari'ah Law:** the path to Allah and the complete and and total submission to the will and authority of Allah. It means the 'clear path to follow'.

The study of this Shari'ah is called Jurisprudence.

**Mufti:** a Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters.

Apply reasoning as there is no clear guidance.

**SST's** **Ayatollah-** recognised authority in Shi'ia community **Fard-** required action **Figh-** the process of Islamic jurisprudence **Hadith-** collection of the tradition of the prophet Muhammad. **Hadith Quadsi-** Sacred Hadiths believed to be the revelation of Allah expressed in the words of the prophet Muhammad. **Halal-** permitted action **Haraam-** forbidden action **Ijma-** ethical judgements of recognised Islamic scholarship **Ijtihad-** individual ethical judgements **Jurisprudence-** the collection of ethical judgements of Islam **Madhhabs-** schools of Islamic scholarship **Makruh-** hateful or undesirable action **Mandub-** desired or recommended action **Mujtahid-** situation requiring prudent individual action **Mustahab-**recognised authority in Shi'ia community **Qiyas-** ethical judgements made through analogous application of the Qur'an **Qur'an-** sacred text of Islam **Shari'ah-** meaning"path" refers to the overall framework of ethical judgements **Sunna-** collection if the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad **Taqwa-** awareness or consciousness of Allah **Ummah-**a kind of kinship of family responsibility **Wajib-** required action

AUSTRALIA PRE-1945

Aboriginals -all about the land -dreamtime -rainbow serpent (creator) -totems -rituals -stories -oral tradition -clan -sacred sites -kinship -spirits -ancestors Lifestyle: -lived in the natural environment -off the land -nomadic: once they left, they burnt that area down, so that new life would be brought, and then they would travel to a new area. -60,000 years they lived like this *this belief systems stayed in Australia for ^ many years. Their country was defined, there was over 256 languages ( Aboriginal alone). Australia was divided up into different countries. They had specific methods to help travel, and migration to other areas. Respectful to the other clans/countries at the time, and considered their ways of life. If they had one common idea, they were allowed to share this around, and this made a exception to the rule of respecting each other.

**1788- The British Empire arrives in Australia** -had predominately Christian religion in the form of the British Empire -Terra Nullius: the land has not been claimed by any one, and therefore they can take over the land as make it their own. -First thing for Christianity is to establish itself - building places of worships -focus on the church of England -Church of England -the __governing body__ and __military__ and __free settlers__ -Catholics were mainly the convicts e.g. the Irish Catholics -main focus of Christianity is to spread the good news -tried to convert the Aboriginals to Christianity. -wanted the Aboriginals to learn about God. -they set up Missions to allow the children to be educated about God. -THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IRISH AND THE BRITISH WAS FIERCENESS. BRITAIN INVADED IRELAND AND THERE WAS CULTURAL TENSION.

<span style="font: 25px/38px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Core Questions for Research - Week 7**

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**The arrival and establishment of Christianity in Australia was evident in the membership of the First Fleet. What Christian denominations were included on the First Fleet?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">In the First Fleet there were Christian denominations that consisted of: Church of England, Catholics,Methodists, Presbyterians, Jews, Deists, Agnostics and unbelievers. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**How is sectarianism //best// described?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Sectarianism is best described as being a denomination of a particular group that follows similar beliefs and actions of the main group. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Which Presbyterian minister was one of the leaders in the provision of religious and health services to outback and rural communities?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Reverend Dr. John Flynn was the Presbyterian minister who was one of the leaders in the provision of religious and health services to outback and rural communities. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**What action did the Roman Catholic community take in response to the** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Public Instruction Act of 1880?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">The Roman Catholic community took the response that the Public Instructions Act of 1880 as stated by Roger Bede Vaughan that he thought it to be the 'future immortality, infidelity and lawlessness, being calculate to debase the standard of human excellence and to corrupt the political, social and individual life of future citizens'. This meant that they didn't think that it was a good idea as it meant that society would be influenced under the wrong impression and it would have lead to greater divisions and separation within the communities. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**What was the first religious tradition other than Christianity to establish permanent settlement in Australia from the time of the First Fleet?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">The other religious tradition other than Christianity that established permanent settlement in Australia from the time of the First Fleet was in fact, Judaism. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Protestant groups such as the Australian Protestant Defence Association informed their members about the evils of Catholicism. To reinforce these views they celebrated days such as Orangeman’s Day and Empire Day. What was this was an example of?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">These days were an examples of the struggle between Protestant groups and Catholics that are situated within Australia. The depict the battles that took place politically and socially between the two. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**The Bush Church Aid Society was established by the Anglican community in 1919 to provide welfare and social services.’To what sector of the community was the primary work of this organisation directed?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">The Bush Church Aid Society was directed at working on the inland regions for both men and women in helping to bring their roles to a higher level. This included helping to build hostels for the people, so that they could have a roof over their heads, and at the same time be taught skills that will benefit them for the future. <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Welfare and social outreach were prominent aspects of Christianity in the early Australian colony. Which of the following people are examples of this work?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">? <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Which of the following government legislations restricted the arrival of religions other than Christianity?** <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">A The Religion Act of 1901 <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">B The Christian Act of 1901 <span style="color: #ff0080; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">C The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">D The Politician’s Act of 1901 <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**As part of the Temperance Movement in Australia, a number of Coffee Palaces were opened in the 1880s. Many of these were grand buildings, later to become hotels such as the Hotel Windsor in Melbourne. What was the principal aim of the Temperance Movement?** <span style="font: 13px/24px Helvetica; margin: 0px;">The principal of the Temperance Movement was to help encourage cutting down on the consumption of toxic liquids and to help encourage non sexual activity.

[|Christianity]