E.+Emma

**__Religious Tradition Study- Christianity__**

 * Reflections**

27/07/10 Conducted research. -Part A: Browsed related internet websites to gain a general idea. -Read, highlighted and made summary notes from the Spotlight textbook on the Core Ethical Teachings of Christianity in regards to The Ten Commandments, The Beatitudes and Jesus' Commandment of Love. -Studied class notes in SOR2 exercise book. -Using biblegateway.com, located The Ten Commandments, The Beatitudes and Jesus' Commandment of Love. -Reviewed Wiki Powerpoints on Christian Ethics.

30/07/10 Completed Part A. -Used collected resources as well as additional booklet 'Compendium of the Cathechism of the Catholic Church' for a more in-depth understanding of the Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes and Jesus' Commandment of Love. -Considerably cut down the content of Part A to adhere to the 500 word limit and in order to make work concise. -Referenced resources used.

1/08/10 Completed Part B. -Used booklet as an in-text reference. -Finished bibliography: Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, biblegateway.com and Spotlight textbook. -Checked work by adding more relevant points and removing those that were irrelevant. -Reread the marking criteria altering work to specify to certain criteria. -Word count (not including quotes): Part A= 526 (under 10% allowance) Part B= 1040 (under 10% allowance) -Submitted work.

**Personal Prayer in Christianity**
** a) Types of Personal Prayer: ** Orthodox: -Orthodox Christians typically pray ‘formal’ prayers at the beginning and end of each day, before work or study and also before meals. There are also specific prayers for certain times in the day. -They do not practise discursive Meditations -In reciting this prayer many Orthodox use a rosary, differing somewhat in structure from the western rosary; an Orthodox rosary is often made of wool, so that unlike a string of beads it makes no noise. -Orthodox believe that the power of God is present in the Name of Jesus, so that the invocation of this Divine Name acts 'as an effective sign of God's action, as a sort of sacrament. - Prayer becomes a personal dialogue with God. -The Church lays no laws about Personal prayer.

Protestant: -Personal prayer is made in agreement to the Bible. -Protestants consider Personal Prayer to be made in secret. -Repentance is often done in the context of private reflection. -The use of Personal Prayer books. -Protestants believe Personal Prayer adds an important dimension of participation.

Catholic: -Catholics believe in the power of Personal Prayer. -Personal Prayer dwells in the heart of Catholics. -Prayer with the Rosary beads. <span style="display: block; font-family: calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">-Personal prayer can be in words. But it can also take the form of "inexpressible groanings" (cf. Rom 8:26), as the Holy Spirit may guide each soul.

<span style="display: block; font-family: calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">b) The importance of Personal Prayer for the Christians

<span style="display: block; font-family: calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">"Prayer is a privilege purchased by the blood of Jesus Christ. Christ died for this and it cost Him the shedding of His blood, so that we, through Him, might have entrance to the Throne of Grace." John Preston <span style="display: block; font-family: calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Personal Prayer allows Christians to enter the realism of loving like God and it creates a connection between man and his God. Christians believe through the immersion of one’s self in silence, they are able to draw deeper into the truth and meaning of the Gospel and also the word of Jesus Christ. Personal Prayer is thought to be very powerful. Prayer in private eliminates hypocrites who pray only in public.

<span style="display: block; font-family: calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**Islam**

<span style="display: block; font: 12px/19px arial;">1) When and where did Islam develop? The Religion of Islam began in the holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia by God's revelation of the Qur'an to the prophet Muhammad in approximately 600 CE through the Angel Gabriel.

<span style="display: block; font: 12px/19px arial;">2) Outline what you know about the prophet Muhammad’s life.

<span style="display: block; font: 12px/19px arial;">-Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born into the Quraish tribe at Mecca in approximately 570 CE. -Muhammad was orphaned at a very young age and had never learnt to read or write. -At the age of 12, he was exposed to Jewish and Christian lifestyle in visiting Syria. Through this, Muhammad developed a respect for other religious practises. -At around the age of 40, Muhammad had an encounter with the angel Gabriel during a trading journey. Gabriel informed Muhammad of special revelations and upon having this prophetic experience, returned home to begin spreading the teachings he had learned. -Muhammad is believed to be the last and most perfect prophet. <span style="display: block; font: 12px/19px arial;">-The word of God was revealed to him through the angel Gabriel and recorded in the Arabic language in the Qur'an. -When he passed away, he did not want his burial site to be marked due to the attention it would draw. Muhammad was aware that his followers would worship his grave and not Allah.

3) What are the principal beliefs of Islam?

The Seven Articles of Faith

// 1. Allah as the one true God- He is all-knowing, ever-present and all-good, and expects that human beings will also live morally good lives- the declaration of Allah's unity is known as ** Tawhid ** ;  //

Strongly monotheistic religion Expresses the oneness of God All other deities are to be dismissed as mere fabrications and empty illusions in the face of the one true God Eternal and all-powerful Creator, He is absolute unity, all-seeing, all-hearing and all-knowing. Allah is unchanging, invisible and omni-present There is no other being that can match His nature Allah has no sons or daughters or anyone else whom he shares power’

// 2.Angels as the instruments of Allah's will //

Angels deliver messages on Allah's behalf This article of faith affirms the Islamic belief in the existence of spiritual beings, intermediate between humanity and Allah Unlike humans, they do not possess free will

// 3. Revelation of Allah's intention is through the prophets in the Book of Allah. The main four books are named; the Torah of Moses, the Psalms of David, the Gospels of Jesus and the Qur'an. The Qur'an is the last and most complete. //

Allah's revelation requires human obedience if one is to avid sin and find true life Written revelations of God's intent Allah revealed His truths through His angels

// 4. Prophets ( ** Rusul ** )- there are 28 messengers or prophets of Allah, and Muhammad is the final and best;  //

The acknowledgement of prophets and their revelations They took into account evil corruptions, so did not necessarily always on these revelations

// 5. Last Judgement- divine judgement will result in eternal reward or punishment depending upon Allah's mercy and justice; //

The choice between good and evil. Muslims have the responsibility to do good Allah, being merciful and just, would decide upon whether evil actions will result in eternal damnation in hell to receive their proper punishment It may be taken into perspective that no actions of a human being can occur without the knowledge of Allah therefore it is thought that some people are predestined to their fate Islam acknowledges the tension between divine control and human freedom and simply accept it as the mystery of their faith

// 6. Life after death ( ** Akhira ** )- the moral quality of the individual person's thoughts and actions in life contribute to the state of life after death; and  // // Akhira is described as the book of warning, it warns of the afterlife and judgement day //

Allah will pass sentence on everyone

// 7. Supremacy of Allah's Will- nothing can happen without the Will and knowledge of Allah. //

Relates to the Fifth Article of Faith The omni-present nature of Allah

Truthfulness -It is expected that you are truthful, however those who are untruthful re punished by Allah. -The punishment are usually unexpected incidents or something that reinforces the power of Allah. -Owning up or confessing your sins or lies is believed to lead to spiritual enlightenment with allah or moving closer toward thi unity with their God.

Adultery -They believe adultery is wrong. -Though it's believed that small amount is inevitable. -Adultery is the sight, mouth and private parts. -Prayer can allow people to still go to paradise. -Believe in no other except for Allah means you'll go to Paradise if committed adultery.

Theft -Any type of theft is forbidden. -This is emphasised in the story where the woman stole something and as a result got her hand cut off. -By abiding thee elements found within the Hadith, you are submitting to Allah and following moral law, resulting in the purity f the individual.

Mountain of Light Productions (1994) Articles of Faith,Mountain of Light Productions [online] 5th Sep 2010 Smith, J (1995) Tawhid: Belief in One God, Hyde Park Christian Fellowship [online] 5th Sep 2010 [|**http://debate.org.uk/topics/theo/tawhid.htm**]
 * Tradition Study- Islam assessment, research links and Bibliography**
 * []**

Coleman, NG (2006) Studies of Religion, Preliminary, Science Press, NSW, Australia.

Zahid, I (2010) Five Pillars of Islam, The Sabr Foundation [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]**

Pennington, R (2009) The Five Pillars of Islam, mediumLARGE [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]** Streich, M (2010) Core beliefs of Islam in the Five Pillars of Faith, Suite101 [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]**

ReligionFacts (2004) Six Articles of the Islamic Faith, ReligionFacts [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]**

Islamic Path (2009) Pillars of Islam, Islamic Path [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]**

Saleh, A (2007) Five Pillars of Islam and the Six Articles of Faith, American Druze Heritage [online] 5th Sep 2010 **[]**

Net industries and its Licensors (2010) Prophecy, Islam, Net industries [online] 5th Sep 2010
 * []**


 * Note taking**

The beginning of learning Islamic ethics, we must start at the source of books, relating back to the principle of the Islamic faith.

=**Australia Pre 1945**=

Australia-Pre 1945 7/09/10

-Aboriginals- all about the land 'dreamtime' e.g. Rainbow serpent -Totems, rituals, oral traditions -Clans and kinship -Sacred sites -Lived of the land, naturalistic, nomadic, minimalists -Australian had an Aboriginal background of 60 000 years -Over 256 Aboriginal languages -1788, Christianity arrives in the form of the British Empire -'Terra nullius' translates to 'no man's land', land claimed by no human or society, inferred that Aboriginals were less than humans, more to the resemblance of animals -Christianity began building places of worship, focus on the Church of England -Church of England became the governing body, consisted of military and free settlers -Convicts were predominantly Irish-Catholic -Spread the Good News: conversion of Aboriginals, missionaries

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**Religion in Australia- Pre 1945** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// The arrival and establishment of Christianity in Australia was evident in the membership of the First Fleet. What Christian denominations were included on the First Fleet? //   <span style="font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">The Christian denominations included in the First Fleet were Presbyterians, Church of England, Methodists and Catholics. <span style="font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif;">// How is sectarianism // best // described? //   <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Sectarianism can be best described as a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect, party or denomination. In this case, it is deep religious devision that existed sine the 16th century reformation. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// Which Presbyterian minister was one of the leaders in the provision of religious and health services to outback and rural communities? //  <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Rev. Dr. John Flynn was appointed the church’s superintendant of Central Australia and Northern Territory where he offered a range of medical and social services. His vision involved bringing the church to rural communities. In 1928 he founded the Australian Inland Mission Aerial Medical Service which led to the organisation of the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Flynn’s concepts revolutionised the services offered to those living in remote locations. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// What action did the Roman Catholic community take in response to the // // Public Instruction Act of 1880? //  <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Roger Bede Vaughan, the successor of Archbishop Polding, retaliated against the Public Instruction Act of 1880 (enforcing the abolishment of government funding towards church schools in 1882) by claiming that public schools would become ‘seed-plots for future immortality, infidelity and lawlessness, being calculated to debate the standards of human excellence, to corrupt the political, social and individual life of future citizens.’ Future arguments were can be quoted from both sectarian and anti-sectarian groups. From the 1870s, the Catholic Church began the establishment of an independent education system. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// What was the first religious tradition other than Christianity to establish permanent settlement in Australia from the time of the First Fleet? //       <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">The first religious tradition to arrive alongside Christian denominations from the time of the First Fleet was Judaism and to a lesser extent, Deism. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// Protestant groups such as the Australian Protestant Defence Association informed their members about the evils of Catholicism. To reinforce these views they celebrated days such as Orangemen’s Day and Empire Day. What was this was an example of? //      <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">These Protestant groups are an example of the sectarian struggle between Catholics and Protestants in Australia. Orangemen's Day and Empire Day are celebrations of the triumph and also the commemorate the political battle between the denominations. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">// The Bush Church Aid Society was established by the Anglican community in 1919 to provide welfare and social services. To what sector of the community was the primary work of this organisation directed? //      <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> The primary work of these organisations was directed to inland regions. // Welfare and social outreach were prominent aspects of Christianity in the early Australian colony. Which of the following people are examples of this work? //       <span style="color: #000000; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Rev. Dr. John Flynn <span style="color: #000000; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif;">// Which of the following government legislations restricted the arrival of religions other than Christianity? //       <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 <span style="display: block; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.26in; margin-bottom: 0in;">//<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">As part of the Temperance Movement in Australia, a number of Coffee Palaces were opened in the 1880s. Many of these were grand buildings, later to become hotels such as the Hotel Windsor in Melbourne. What was the principal aim of the Temperance Movement? // <span style="display: block; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.26in; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: American Typewriter Light,sans-serif; text-align: left;">The Temperance Movement was organised in attempt to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or pressed for their complete abstinence.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">The arrival of the First Fleet-1st clip ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">-Language, laws, territorial boundaries 'Wasted landscape' because of no farming or production <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Dry land, most unpredictable weather conditions, Aboriginals managed to live by the land <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-East coast arrival, first contact from the 'strangers'  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Half are convicts, travelled for more than 8 months  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-They thought the settlers were the devil, they screamed at them from small boats telling the apparitions to leave  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Perspective from an Englishmen: 'They greeted us in the most cheerful way'  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Aboriginals were unable to determine the settlers' gender because of all their cloths  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Governor Phillip was thought of as an elder as he shared in an Aboriginal initiations ceremony, Aboriginals were ready to negotiate with him  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Development begins: Cutting down of trees, setting up tent  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-The English were unaware of the clan division  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Aboriginals discover that the English are armed and to be avoided1789  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-The spread of disease through the Aboriginal people

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">First Settlement-2nd Clip ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Unspoiled land <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-'Uninhabited'  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-'Inhospitable land'  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Australia was considered a suitable place for the large number of convicts  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Gold rush, brought Chinese to Australia, they had strong work ethics  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Ned Kelly  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Australia gave a generation of men to support the British military

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">3rd clip ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Irish perspective <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-Father Therry was shocked by the shackled Irishmen  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-1820: There was no church for the Irish Catholics  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">-A meeting was held to organised in order to build a church  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">









** Subject Specific Terminology **

Sectarianism: a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sector party or denomination Papist: offensively used as a disparaging term for a Roman Catholic Royalist: supporter of government by a monarch advocating the principles of the Monarchy Hibernian: of or relating to Ireland or its inhabitants Orangeman: a member of a secret society founded in Northern Ireland in 1795 to maintain the political and religious ascendancy of Protestantism or simply an Irish Protestant Atheist: someone who denies the existence of God Calvinism: the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone Diocese: the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop Established Church: the church that is recognized as the official church of a nation Evangelical: of, relating to, or in accordance with the Christian gospel, especially one of the four gospel books of the New Testament Protestantism: the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sectarianism **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Sectarianism is a word which conjures up many different emotions, opinions and perspectives and Sectarian hatred, abuse and discrimination between Catholics and Protestants has been prevalent since the arrival of the First Fleet. Sectarianism can be described as the prejudice which stains a culture. It is a narrow-minded belief that leads to prejudice, discrimination, malice and ill-will towards members, or presumed members, of a religious denomination. A denomination or sect is a division or grouping within a faith, in this case, Protestants and Catholics within Christianity, denominations within one faith share the same fundamental elements of the faith but have different practices or different interpretations of specific elements of that faith which may lead to division and distinction of an individual based upon their religion. Sectarianism was very much present in Australia Pre-1945. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**The Castle Hill Rebellion**

The Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804, an attempt by predominantly Irish Catholic convicts to escape from servitude, was characterized by devastating results for the Catholics of New South Wales, both convict and free. The built-up resentment of these convicts was based upon their forced cooperation to come to Australia, work profusely whilst suffering brutal floggings. It was a large scale rebellion by against British colonial authority in Australia and at this time, martial law was declared in the colony of New South Wales for a period of ten days during which many were killed. Within a few days, the Irish convicts separated from the British Empire to create their own.



**A letter written by Caroline Chisholm**
//To the Editor of the Argus.//

//Sir, - Any thoughtful person who calmly views our present condition, either commercially or politically, must feel the necessity of vigorous exertions in order to place us in the position we ought to be in. When we consider the rich and beautiful country God has given to us - a country that waits only for the plough to give us wheat - the vine to give us wine - the olive to give us oil - every luxury and comfort that man can desire is within our reach, only waits our biddings. Gold lies at our feet, and yet with all these advantages we are on the verge of national insolvency, and the hands of our people are stained with blood.//

//May the frightful and sorrowful position we are in induce us all with one spirit to co-operate in bringing about a more creditable state of things. Let us cast aside all party feeling or class interest; - let us retrench, economise, and abandon the idea that getting further into debt will clear us of our difficulties. Let us fling to the wind the wild fallacy that public works carried on with borrowed money is fitting employment for newly-arrived immigrants.//

//Let us be wise in time, and give to our people a fair scope for their activity - a wider and more wholesome range for their energies, and we shall soon become a happy, a peaceful, and a contented people.//

//We have too long indulged in taxing,- we have become under the Wakefield system a nation of consumers, instead of producers. We must alter our system, if we wish to recover character; and if Sir Charles Hotham is a wise man, he will at once call to his assistance that first minister of finance, the Plough!//

//Yours faithfully,// //CAROLINE CHISHOLM// //Melbourne, Dec.7, 1854.//

Social welfare

a) Unemployment

This term first became popular in the 1890's because of the economic downfall and was more commonly know for the meaning 'want of work'. Since the 1970's, unemployment rates have steadily increased. The Great Depression in Australia cause a lot of unemployment in the country.

More information and statistics available on: []

The Economically Disadvantaged

The economic situation of Australia was very much based on the immigration during the time period. More demand was placed on availability of work as more settlers came to the country. The uncontrollable immigration allowed for the economy to prosper. Australians had the belief that available work was being done by Asian immigrants instead of Australians themselves.

Immigrants

-The 'Immigration Restriction Act of 1901' enabling Australia to eliminate non-European immigrant. -Australia is characterised by its immigration, the population booming after the First World War and The Depression and finally World War Two.

An in-depth article is available on: []

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