6.+Pre+1945+Australia

=** Religion in Australia Pre 1945 **= Religion in Australia pre-1945 16 indicative hours **Outcomes** ** P2 ** identifies the influence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society P3 ** investigates religious traditions and belief systems ** ** P5 ** describes the influence of religious traditions in the life of adherents ** P6 ** selects and uses relevant information about religion from a variety of sources ** P7 ** undertakes effective research about religion, making appropriate use of time and resources **P8** uses appropriate terminology related to religion and belief systems
 * The focus of this study is the establishment and development of religious traditions in Australia pre-1945. **
 * A student: **
 * P9** effectively communicates information, ideas and issues using appropriate written, oral and graphic forms.



= **MIndnodes - You will need the mindnode application to READ these** =

= = = **Core Questions for Research** =

The arrival and establishment of Christianity in Australia was evident in the membership of the First Fleet. What Christian denominations were included on the First Fleet?

How is sectarianism //best// described?

Which Presbyterian minister was one of the leaders in the provision of religious and health services to outback and rural communities?

What action did the Roman Catholic community take in response to the Public Instruction Act of 1880?

What was the first religious tradition other than Christianity to establish permanent settlement in Australia from the time of the First Fleet?

Protestant groups such as the Australian Protestant Defence Association informed their members about the evils of Catholicism. To reinforce these views they celebrated days such as Orangeman’s Day and Empire Day. What was this was an example of? The Bush Church Aid Society was established by the Anglican community in 1919 to provide welfare and social services.’

To what sector of the community was the primary work of this organisation directed?

Welfare and social outreach were prominent aspects of Christianity in the early Australian colony. Which of the following people are examples of this work?

Which of the following government legislations restricted the arrival of religions other than Christianity?

A The Religion Act of 1901 B The Christian Act of 1901 C The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 D The Politician’s Act of 1901

As part of the Temperance Movement in Australia, a number of Coffee Palaces were opened in the 1880s. Many of these were grand buildings, later to become hotels such as the Hotel Windsor in Melbourne. What was the principal aim of the Temperance Movement? = =

= **Outline how ONE religious tradition contributed to the provision of education in Australia prior to 1945.** =

= **Powerpoints/ Keynote Presentations** =



= **Digital Text Book References for Research Page 32 - Chapter 2** =

Revision Questions The following questions are to be done for each of the important pieces of legislation relating to education in the 1800s > - Rural and outback communities OR > - Education OR > - Public morality > >
 * What is the name of the Act?
 * Who introduced it?
 * When was it introduced?
 * What were its provisions?
 * What were its intentions?
 * What were its effects?
 * How was it viewed by? a) Church of England b) Catholic Church c) Others
 * 1) Explain was education regarded as a critical issue for religious groups in the colony of NSW. (5 marks, 350 words)
 * 2) Analyse the influence of Christianity on early Australian society in relation to public morality (5 marks, 350 words)
 * 3) Describe the influence of Christianity on Australian society in the area of education from 1788-1945. (5 marks, 350 words
 * 4) Assess the significance of Christianity's impact on Australia in the nineteenth century in relation to either:

Summary Points ** The arrival and establishment of Christianity in Australia ** Samuel Marsden - Anglican chaplain replacing Johnson || ** The arrival and establishment of Judaism in Australia ** ** The arrival and establishment of Islam in Australia ** Muslims from Indonesia were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry and sugar plantations ||
 * ** Year ** || ** Event ** ||
 * 1788 || First Fleet - English soldiers and convicts, mostly Church of England, with some Irish Catholics - Church of England Chaplain Rev. Richard Johnson. Presbyterians also present. ||
 * 1795 || First Presbyterian Church Service ||
 * 1795-1798 || Political uprising in Ireland resulted in the deportation of political prisoners such as the 3 Catholic priests, Fathers Harold, Dixon and O'Neil ||
 * 1798 || James Fleet Cover (Congregationalist) London Missionary Society, fleeing unrest in Tahiti
 * 1803 || As a concession to the Catholic community, Fr James Dixon authorised to say first mass for Catholics in the colony ||
 * 1804 || Castle Hill rebellion. Subsequently, Dixon 's permission to say mass is withdrawn as the colonial government feared that the priests would use such an occasion to incite opposition to the British ||
 * 1813 || Samuel Marsden appointed chaplain to the colony ||
 * 1815 || Samuel Leigh - first Methodist minister ||
 * 1817 || Arrival of Jeremiah O'Flynn. O'Flynn was a Catholic priest who arrived claiming to have permission from British authorities to minister the Catholics of the colony. O'Flynn continued his ministry for some months before being arrested and deported. ||
 * 1820 || John Joseph Therry arrives. Therry arrives with a mandate to minister the Catholics of the colony. Therry is the first priest to be allowed to come to minister the Catholic community in 32 years. ||
 * 1823 || Rev. John Dunmore Lang (Presbyterian) arrives in the colony ||
 * 1829 || Rev. William Grant Broughton, Church of England Archdeacon NSW ||
 * 1835 || Bishop Bede Bolding - First Catholic Bishop in Australia ||
 * 1847 || William Grant Broughton becomes the first Church of England Bishop of Sydney ||
 * 1901 || National Federal Presbyterian Union formed of the Presbyterian Church of Australia ||
 * ** Year ** || ** Event ** ||
 * 1788 || The first Jews arrived in Australia as convicts on the First Fleet ||
 * 1817 || Minyan was formed and a Chevra Kaddisha established ||
 * 1830s || The 1 st Jewish synagogue takes place in the home of Phillip Joseph Cohen who was authorised to perform Jewish marriages. Cohen's community were easily accepted into the Australian community, because unlike their European counterparts, they spoke English ||
 * 1838 || Bridge St Synagogue was large enough to hold 100 males and 30 females ||
 * 1843 || First Victorian community formed ||
 * 1844 || Permanent synagogue consecrated in York St Sydney . This synagogue could hold 500 people and was to serve as the centre of Jewish life in Sydney until the Great Synagogue was built ||
 * 1845 || First synagogue consecrated in Tasmania ||
 * 1848 || First synagogue opened in Victoria ||
 * 1850 || First Jewish synagogue in South Australia consecrated ||
 * 1850s || The number of Jews in Victoria grew from a few hundred to over 3000 during the gold rush period ||
 * 1876 || Earliest consecration of a synagogue in Queensland ||
 * 1878 || Great Synagogue built in Elizabeth St with Alexander Davis as Chief Rabbi ||
 * End of 19th century || Development of organised Jewish community in Western Australia ||
 * ** Year ** || ** Event ** ||
 * Prior to 1788 || Visits from Macassan fishermen, who were Muslims from South East Asia ||
 * 1860s || The camel transportation industry saw a significant increase in the number of Muslims arriving in Australia from mainly Pakistan and Afghanistan as camel drivers ||
 * 1882 || First Islamic mosque built in Maree, South Australia ||
 * 1890 || Mosque built in Adelaide ||
 * 1880s - 1890s || Muslims controlled the camel transportation business in Australia . During this period, there were approximately 3000 Muslims who were working as camel drivers in Australia . ||
 * End of 19th century || Small numbers of Muslims came from Lebanon and Turkey
 * 1901 || Introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act, commonly known as the White Australia policy, significantly decreased the number of Muslims living in Australia, as many were forced to return to their homelands. ||
 * 1911 || Approximately 300 Turkish Muslims in Australia . These numbers decreased after World War 1. ||

** The impact of sectarianism on the relationship among Christian denominations in Australia pre-1945 ** Sectarianism refers to rivalry or division along religious lines Sectarianism leads to severe discrimination, persecution and violence Social and political reasons mixed with religious reasons At the time of the arrival of the first fleet (1788) there was considerable rivalry and bitterness between the Church of England and Catholics in England and Ireland. The Protestant reformation of the 16 th century had left a great deal of bitterness between the Catholics and Protestants

Secondly, the occupation of Ireland by the English and the oppression of the Irish people maintained the strength of feeling

Colony was set up with the Church of England as the established religion Catholics in the colony were a small minority and felt they were harshly treated

Everybody expected to attend Divine Service

F or most of the first 30 years of the colony Catholics were not permitted to have a Priest minister to their <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">community

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">The Irish (Catholics) were regarded as "scum" by most of the English authorities

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Education became an important political issue which was played out according to sectarian division

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Employment practices were further instances of sectarianism.

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Notices regarding positions vacant often included the qualification "Catholics need not apply".

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Discrimination in employment was not practised in the Public Service

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Catholic schools had a strong focus on preparing their students to pass the annual Public Service examination

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Debate over conscription in World War I further fuelled sectarian rivalry.

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">To introduce conscription required a successful passage of a referendum on the issue

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Leaders of the Protestant Churches urged citizens to show loyalty to Britain and support the referendum

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Catholic leaders by contrast were strident in their opposition` Opposition led to a great escalation of hostility towards Catholics who were considered as traitors

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">A significant number of Protestants had to also oppose the issue for the referenda to be defeated

** The contribution of Christianity to social welfare in Australia prior to 1945 ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Reason for the contribution of Christianity to social welfare: Assisting the needy and the disadvantaged forms a central part of the Christian ethos <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Role of Christianity in providing education for the needy 1866 - Order of St Joseph founded by Mother Mary MacKillop and Father Julian Tennyson Woods to teach children of the poor After the implementation of the Public Instruction Act 1880 - Catholic education system only survived due to the dedication of those in religious orders <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Role of Christianity in assisting marginalised people 1888 - Mother Esther establishes the first Church of England religious order to work for poor women and prostitutes 1897 - Nathaniel Dawes establishes the Bush Brotherhood (Church of England) with preachers on horseback providing ministry to those living in rural and remote areas 1920s - Australian Inland Mission of the Presbyterian Church developed the Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Role of Christianity in assisting migrants Caroline Chisholm concerned for welfare of female immigrants Set up Female Immigrants Home Assisted migrants to find employment Worked to ensure safe passage and assisted with settlement of over 10,000 migrants between 1838 and 1877 <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Great Depression Since aid and relief insufficient to tackle poverty, Christian Churches lobbied the government for structural changes in how the State provided welfare This resulted in the introduction of unemployment benefits

** The role of ONE religious tradition in rural and outback communities prior to 1945 ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">1897 - Nathaniel Dawes establishes the Bush Brotherhood (Church of England) with preachers on horseback <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">providing ministry to those living in rural and remote areas <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">1920s - Australian Inland Mission of the Presbyterian Church developed the Flying Doctor Service and the <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">School of the Air ** The influence of Christianity on education ** Reason for the influence of Christianity on education - Education was a critical issue for religious groups, but particularly Catholics, who felt disadvantaged in the colony and in the face of sectarian division wanted an education which would support their beliefs and values. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Schools Estates Corporation Charter (1825) <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Church Act (1836) - Governor Bourke <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Public Instruction Act (1880) - Premier Henry Parkes <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Schools Estates Corporation Charter (1825) <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Provisions: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">1/7 of all colonial land grants were reserved for Church of England schools and churches, and hence <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">providing financial assistance for its ministry <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">To reinforce the Church of England as the established <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Responses to the Charter: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">charter. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Church Act (1836) - Governor Bourke <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Provisions: "Pound for pound" (dollar for dollar) subsidy - for every pound raised by the different denominations government would contribute the same amount for its schools in return <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Intention: The give the appearance of fairness in assisting all denominations yet continuing the dominance of the Church of England. This was because the Church of England had the greatest capacity to raise money and thus benefit from the legislation <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Effects and Responses: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">schools || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Public Instruction Act (1880) - Premier Henry Parkes <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Provisions: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Abolished funding to all denominational schools <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">To formalise public education which was free, compulsory and secular <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Effect: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Most people belonging to the Church of England were generally supportive of public education <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">The Church of England continued some schools where the parents were able to meet the costs of education themselves || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Catholics were greatly disadvantaged by the Public Instruction Act. The Act caused enormous hardships in maintaining their schools. It was only through the dedication of those in religious orders which enabled Catholic education system to survive. ||
 * ** Supported by: ** || ** Opposed by: ** ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Church of England which received large areas of land under the provisions of the charter. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Catholics who received no benefit under the provisions of the
 * || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Presbyterians believed that religion and government should be separated, and hence governments should not provide funding for religious schools ||
 * || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Methodists who received no benefit under the provisions of the charter. ||
 * ** Short term effect of legislation ** || ** Long term effect of legislation ** ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Church of England received the most benefit because they had the greatest capacity to raise the money. || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">The Catholics through a great deal of determination, organisation, and sacrifice managed to turn the Church Act into an advantage for them. This result was unanticipated and resented by many in the community. The government was pressured to change legislation so that Catholics would not be able to take advantage of the legislation. ||
 * || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">The Church Act intensified and directly contributed to the rural versus urban class divide ||
 * ** Supported by: ** || ** Opposed by: ** ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Church of England initially supported the provisions of the legislation, however, sought changes as the Catholic Church began to gain advantage from the Church Act || <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Presbyterians were still against government funding for religious
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Catholics welcomed any occasion of government support. ||  ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Methodists were pleased to receive government assistance but due to sectarian rivalry disliked the fact that the Catholics were also receiving money ||  ||
 * ** Supported by: ** || ** Opposed by: ** ||
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Church of England
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Presbyterians were pleased that the Government was no longer providing funding for religious schools, as they felt religion and government should be separated ||  ||

** Public morality prior to 1945 ** Definition - Public morality refers to the attempts at social control through legislation, usually promoted by the more conservative Christian denominations, in response to perceived immoral behaviour in society. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Main Issues: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Sabbatarianism (Sabbath Observance) <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">To encourage Church attendance which Evangelical Protestants strongly supported because it <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">was thought to improve one's moral and spiritual character. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Result: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">Legislation brought in to abolish recreational activities, as well as servile and commercial labour <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">on Sundays. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">Church of England and Catholic Church were less stringent in their views as they saw no harm in <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">recreational activities on the Sabbath, as long as it did not involve servile labour.

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Sexual morality <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">There was widespread opposition among all Christian denominations towards extramarital <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">relationships, homosexuality, and divorce. Evangelical Protestants were particularly outspoken <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">in their opposition to extramarital relationships, homosexuality, and divorce. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Temperance movement <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">To overcome problems related to the drinking of alcohol by urging men to take a pledge to <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">abstain from drinking alcohol. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Result: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">Thousands of pledges were made from men to abstain from alcohol. Legislation to prohibit the <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">selling alcohol was not achieved. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt;">Gambling <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">Intention: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 108pt;">Gambling was banned because gains by means other than honest labour was seen as corrupt

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">General result of public morality legislation These attempts at social control, also known as wowserism, were generally viewed negatively by the broader community The refusal by many to accept these attempts at social control which curtailed many acts of enjoyment sowed the seeds for a more secular society

These public morality debates also heightened the religious tensions which existed between the Church of England, the Catholic Church and the conservative elements within Protestant denominations in colonial Australia.